Deprivation of child custody under turkish law according to article 348 of the civil code

AuthorYrd. Doç. Dr. Ismail ERBAY
Pages12-59
Yrd.Doç.Dr.İsmail ERBAY
12 İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt:3 Sayı:2 Yıl 2012
TMK. m. 346/III’de yer alan, velâyet hakkının kaldırılmasının daha
sonra doğacak çocukları kapsaması, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesince
benimsenen ve Türk Anayasa hukuku açısından da kabul edilen ilkeler
gereği, kabul edilemez. Ana ve/veya babanın velâyet hakkı, her bir çocuk
açışından değerlendirilmesi gerekir. TMK. m. 346/III’deki velâyet
hakkının kaldırılmasının diğer doğacak çocukları kapsaması halinde,
velâyet hakkı, sadece ana ve/veya babanın mutlak eğitim yeteneğinden
yoksun olması halinde, kaldırılabilir. Bu ise, Avrupa İnsan Hakları
Sözleşmesinin 8. maddesindeki ailenin korunması ilkesi ile bağdaşmaz.
Zira Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 8. maddesine göre, ailenin ve
özel hayatın korunması ilkesi çerçevesinde devletlerin aktif
yükümlülükleri vardır. Bu çerçevede çocuğa yönelmiş tehlike, ana ve
babanın mutlak çocuk eğitim yeteneğinden mahrumiyetten beklenilmeden
çocuğun yüksek yararı gerekli kılması halinde velâyetin kaldırılması
yoluyla izale edilmelidir.
DEPRIVATION OF CHILD CUSTODY UNDER TURKISH
LAW ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 348 OF THE CIVIL CODE
2. Abstraction
1.1 General
Turkish family law applies a particular hierarchy of measures to be
taken in case that a risk to the child's well-being is identified.
As a rule, the law draws a distinction between several child
protection measures within a particular hierarchy: appropriate actions can
be taken in compliance with Article 346 by issuing adequate instructions,
followed by the appointment of a guardian under article 426 et seqq.
Turkish Civil Code (CC).
Deprivation of parental care pursuant to article 347 Turkish CC is a
subsidiary measure permissible only if more moderate measures are not
eligible in order to remedy a risk to the child's well-being.
As the most stringent measure within said hierarchy, deprivation of
child custody, either under article 348 (against the parents' will, ordered
Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Kapsamında Türk Medeni Hukukundaki Velâyet Hakkının
Kaldırılması (TMK M. 348) Hükümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt:3 Sayı:2 Yıl 2012 13
by the supervisory authority), or under article 349 Turkish CC (with the
parents' consent, ordered by the guardianship authority) is possible.
1.2 Principles to be obeyed
When ordering a deprivation of child custody, specific principles
shall be obeyed:
1. A risk to the child's welfare is the precondition for depriving
the parent(s) of child custody;
2. When ordering deprivation of custody, guidelines regarding
proportionality must be followed;
3. In the codification of the Swiss Civil Law into the Turkish Civil
Code, the regulation of guardian was not accepted, therefore in
practice removing the partial deprivation of parental custody
the complete depriving the parents of child custody is practiced;
But this is under Turkish Constitution (Art. 42) unlawful
because a freedom can be restricted in a democratic society
only to the extent necessary, without affecting their core under
article 13 of the Turkish Constitution.
4. Deprivation of child custody can be ordered only as a ultima
ratio measure when other measures fail.
1.3 Criteria justifying the strict standard when appelying
custodial measures
1. Deprivation of child custody is regarded as an intrusion into
the parents' personal rights and into one's private and family
life, which is why courts are reluctant to grant measures
directed towards deprivation of parental child custody;
2. Only in case of the parents' permanent failure to comply with
their duties under article 339-344 Turkish CC, meaning serious
deficiencies relating to the child's education, physical or
mental health, moral or social development, the child's place of
residence and similar, the courts may order a deprivation of
child custody;
Yrd.Doç.Dr.İsmail ERBAY
14 İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt:3 Sayı:2 Yıl 2012
3. However, even if a deprivation of child custody has been
ordered by the court, the parents' access rights and, vice versa,
the child's access rights remain in effect, in compliance with
article 323 Turkish CC and Art. 8 of the European Convention
on Human Rights;
4. In relation of European Court of Human Rights case law, the
provision of article. 348/III Turkish CC obviously does not
satisfy said standards, as it stipulates that any deprivation of
child custody ex lege applies also to children born
subsequently.
5. The educational capacity of parents is relative determining, the
parents of a child may be education incapable, but for the other
child education capable. The demand for an absolute
educational capability for deprivation of custody of all children
cannot be agreed with the task of supporting the family by the
state. That is why the depriving the parent(s) of child custody
for each child to be assessed separately and an absolute
inability of parents educational capacity is not to wait out to
help the child.
3. Giriş
4721 sayılı Türk Medenî Kanunu’nu 22.11.2001 tarihinde kabul
edilerek 01.01.2002 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiştir1. Mehaz İsviçre Medenî
Kanunu’ndaki, “elterliche Gewalt=velâyet hakkı” kavramı, 26.06.1988
kabul edilen, 01.01.2000 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren değişiklik ile yerini
elterliche Sorge= ana babanın bakım yükümü” kavramına bırakmıştır2.
Yeni Türk Medenî Kanunu büyük ölçüde, mehaz İsviçre Medenî
Kanunu’nu takip etmesine rağmen, velâyet hakkı kavramını aynen
muhafaza etmiştir. Velâyet hakkı kavram olarak, yeni 4721 sayılı Türk
1 Resmî Gazete, Tarih: 08.12.2001, S. 24607.
2 SCHWENZER/BASLER KOMMENTAR, Art. 296, Nr. 8 ZGB. Velâyet h akkının
sorumluluk karekterini vurgulamak için yazar „ebeveyn sorumluluğu“ kavramının
kullanılmasını önermektedir. Özelikle Fransızca ve İtalyanca metinde „autorité
parentale“ ve „autorità parentale“ kavramı kullanılmıştır.

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