Council of State (1886-1876)

AuthorAyse Asli YรœCESOY
Pages187-216
ฤฐnรถnรผ รœniversitesi Hukuk Fakรผltesi Dergisi โ€“ฤฐnรœHFD- Cilt:8 Sayฤฑ:2 Yฤฑl 2017187
AyลŸe Aslฤฑ YรœCESOY๏€ช
ร–zet
๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎œ๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎’๎๎„๎•๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒบ๎๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎†๎๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎๎„๎•๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎–๎„๎•๎๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎“๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎ฏ๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‡๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฎ๎˜๎™๎™๎ˆ๎—๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
a๎œ๎•๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎ƒท๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎„๎œ๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎ƒบ๎•๎„๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎„๎—๎ƒ•๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎™๎™๎ˆ๎—๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎œ๎•๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎ƒท๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡ ๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎˜๎œ๎Š๎˜๎๎„๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฎ๎Œ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎๎„๎‘
๎“๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‹๎—๎Œ๎œ๎„๎ฏ๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎Ž๎Œ ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎ˆ๎Ž๎Œ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎…๎ˆ๎…๎Œ๎œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎—๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎Ž๎๎Œ๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎ฏ๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎Ž๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€œ๎€•๎€•๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎‘๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎„๎๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎‡๎‚๎•๎๎‚๎ƒบ๎—๎‚๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎ค๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎๎„๎๎ƒ•๎๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎‹๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎•๎‡๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€š๎€™๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ƒ•๎๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผrev ve
๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎•๎˜๎—๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎„๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎„๎‡๎„๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‡๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎ฏ๎Œ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎„๎๎ƒ•๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎œ๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎–๎ผ๎๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎€๎€ƒ ๎…๎˜๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎Ž๎„๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒบ๎™๎˜๎•๎˜๎†๎˜๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎ƒบ๎„๎๎„๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎„๎ฏ๎ƒ•๎Ž๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฎ๎„๎•๎„๎•๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎’๎‘๎˜๎–๎˜๎€ƒ ๎‚๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎€‘ ๎€ฎ๎ƒ•๎–๎„๎†๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎€๎€ƒ
๎‚ณ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎„๎™๎•๎„๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎ˆ๎•๎ฏ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€› -๎€”๎€›๎€š๎€™๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ƒ•๎๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎„๎•๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎˜๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎ƒธ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎€ƒ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎ƒบ๎„๎๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎’๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎ƒ•๎๎€ƒ๎ผ๎•๎‘ ๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎‚ถ๎œ๎„๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎ผ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎—๎„๎ƒบ๎ƒ•๎‡๎ƒ•๎ƒท๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎„๎ฏ๎ƒ•๎Ž๎๎„๎‘๎๎„๎œ๎„๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎ƒ•๎๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ
Anahtar Kelimeler: ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ,
๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎€๎€ƒreform
Abstract
๎€ฒ๎—๎—๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎๎“๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ
systematically started ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ต๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€Œ๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎•๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎‘๎†๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎Š๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎๎Œ๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎’๎•๎—๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎—๎—๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎๎“๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ
governmental modernization process. Foundation of separation of powers and
administrative jurisdiction system dates back before the establishment of Council of State.
Laid the foun dations in rural regions, in 1868 the Council of State was formed out of the
desire to implement the separation of powers and administrative jurisdiction system to the
central administration. The Council remained active until 1922 by going through various
changes due to practical needs and political conflicts. In our study, establishment process
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎‘๎†๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎Œ๎•๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎—๎Œ ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•ities of
the Council of State between 1868 and 1876, and the changes until the First
Constitutionalist Period are explained. Operation of the Council of State and the
application stages for this office are explained. Qualification of th e decisions is elaborated.
To summarize, the Council of State between 1868 and 1876 was evaluated within the
๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎—๎—๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎๎“๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎˜๎‡๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎Œ๎๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎›๎“๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎‘๎†๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€Œ๎€ƒ ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎‹๎€ƒ model
transferred to Ottoman Empire.
๏€ช๎€ค๎•๎„๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎๎„๎€ƒ๎€ช๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎๎˜๎‡๎„๎ƒท๎€ƒ๎จ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎˜๎Ž๎˜๎Ž๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎„๎Ž๎‚๎๎—๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎ƒธ๎‡๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎˜๎Ž๎˜๎Ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎€ง๎„๎๎ƒ•๎€
ayseasliyucesoy@gmail.com
ลžร›Rร‚Y-I DEVLET (1868-1876)
COUNCIL OF STATE (1868-1876)
DOI: 10.21492/inuhfd.340495
๎€ค๎œ๎ƒบ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎–๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎จ๎€ฆ๎€จ๎€ถ๎€ฒ๎€ผ
188 Inonu University Law Review InULR Vol:8 No:2 Year:2017
Keywords: Council of State, Tanzimat Re form Era, administrative modernization,
Ottoman State, reform.
GฤฐRฤฐลž
๎€ท๎‚๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎˜๎๎‹๎˜๎•๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎ƒธ๎๎“๎„๎•๎„๎—๎’๎•๎๎˜๎ƒท๎˜๎‚ถ๎‘๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎‘๎„๎‡๎’๎๎˜๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎“๎•๎„๎Ž๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎‚๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎˜๎๎‹๎˜๎•๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎˜ ๎†๎’๎ƒท๎•๎„๎‰๎œ๎„๎€ƒ
๎‚๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‹๎‚๎Ž๎‚๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎ƒธ๎๎“๎„๎•๎„๎—๎’๎•๎๎˜๎ƒท๎˜๎‚ถ๎‘๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎œ๎„๎–๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎œ๎„๎ƒบ๎„๎‘๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ผ๎‘๎‚๎ƒบ๎‚๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎‹๎˜๎—๎€ƒ ๎™๎„๎•๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎“๎ƒ•๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎ƒบ๎„๎‘๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎†๎˜๎๎‹๎˜๎•๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎€ƒ๎‡๎‚๎ƒบ๎‚๎‘๎๎ˆ๎Ž๎€ƒ๎๎‚๎๎Ž๎‚๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎๎‡๎Œr
1
.
๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎–๎„๎๎๎„๎ƒบ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎–๎„๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎„๎‹๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎„๎€ƒ
๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‚ถ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎ฏ๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎˜๎๎‹๎˜๎•๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎‘๎Œ๎๎–๎ˆ๎œ๎Œ๎“๎€ƒ๎–๎‚๎•๎‡๎‚๎•๎‡๎‚๎ƒท๎‚๎€ƒ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎๎„๎•๎‡๎„๎‘๎‡๎ƒ•๎•
2
.
๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎ˆ๎•๎๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎‚ถ๎œ๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒบ๎๎„๎œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎๎„๎œ๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎๎„๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎’๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎–๎„๎๎„๎Ž๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‚ถ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎๎„๎–๎œ๎’๎‘๎˜๎‘๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎๎‡๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‰๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎„๎‘๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒบ๎๎„๎œ๎ƒ•๎“๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎•๎˜๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎‘๎˜๎ฏ๎๎„๎‘๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎ฏ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎œ๎˜๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎ฏ๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎–๎„๎ƒท๎๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎€ƒ ๎’๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎๎‚๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎ค๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎๎„๎๎ƒ•๎๎‡๎„๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€›๎‚ถ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€œ๎€•๎€•๎‚ถ๎œ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎„๎‡๎„๎•๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎’๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎—๎๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎Ž๎๎Œ๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎•๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎„๎๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€›๎€š๎€™๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ƒ•๎๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎„๎•๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎‡๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎•๎˜๎—๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎„๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎„๎‡๎„๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‡๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎ฏ๎Œ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎ƒ•๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘
๎€ฅ๎˜๎€ƒ ๎ฏ๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎๎„๎‡๎„๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎˜๎€๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎–๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎‚๎•๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒท๎๎„๎‘๎—๎ƒ•๎–๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎‘๎‚๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎˜๎๎˜๎‘๎‡๎˜๎•๎˜๎๎„๎•๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎๎„๎†๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎•๎Œ๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎€ƒ
๎œ๎„๎๎๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎๎€๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎๎„๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ๎Ž๎„๎“๎–๎„๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎’๎๎„๎•๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎ƒท๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎€”๎€›๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ - ๎€”๎€›๎€š๎€™๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎„๎–๎ƒ•๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎—๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎œ๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎Ž๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎๎„๎๎„๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎•๎Œ๎‹๎–๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎™๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ผ๎๎ฏ๎‚๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎Œ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ
๎’๎๎‡๎˜๎ƒท๎˜๎‘๎˜๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎—๎„๎œ๎„๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎’๎œ๎๎„๎Ž๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎˜๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ƒน๎‚€๎•๎ซ๎œ-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎‚ถ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎Ž๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎€ƒ
๎œ๎„๎“๎ƒ•๎–๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎œ๎•๎ƒ•๎‘๎—๎ƒ•๎๎„๎•๎ƒ•๎€๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎ฏ๎’๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎œ๎•๎ƒ•๎๎ƒ•๎“๎€ƒ ๎…๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ผ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎ƒท๎Œ๎ƒบ๎—๎Œ๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎„๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎ƒบ๎๎ˆ๎œ๎Œ๎ƒบ๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎Ž๎’๎‘๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Ž๎’๎‘๎˜๎–๎˜๎€ƒ
๎œ๎„๎“๎ƒ•๎๎๎„๎๎ƒ•๎ƒบ๎—๎ƒ•๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
1. ลžร›Rร‚Y-I DEVLETฤฐ HAZIRLAYAN KOลžULLAR
๎€ฒ๎–๎๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎‚ถ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎๎„๎–๎Œ๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ผ๎‘๎ˆ๎๎‡๎ˆ๎Ž๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎ƒบ๎Ž๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‚๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎Ž๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎‡๎Œ๎ƒบ๎„๎‹๎ƒ•๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎ƒบ๎Ž๎„๎‘๎๎ƒ•๎ƒท๎ƒ•๎‘๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎œ๎„๎“๎—๎ƒ•๎ƒท๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎Œ๎™๎„๎‘-๎ƒ•๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎‚๎๎„๎œ๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎๎˜๎ƒบ๎—๎˜๎•๎˜๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ
1
๎€ฎ๎€ค๎€ต๎€ค๎€ซ๎€ค๎€ฑ๎€ฒ๎ƒถ๎€ธ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎€ค๎€ต๎€ฌ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎‘๎˜๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‚๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎œ๎ˆ๎‚ถ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ƒธ๎‡๎„๎•๎Œ๎€ƒ ๎€ผ๎„๎•๎Š๎ƒ•๎€ƒ๎€ท๎„๎•๎Œ๎‹๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎˜๎•๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎Œ๎—๎„๎…๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎Ž๎„๎•๎„๎€๎€ƒ
2005, s.2
2
๎€ฎ๎€ค๎€ต๎€ค๎€ซ๎€ค๎€ฑ๎€ฒ๎ƒถ๎€ธ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎€ค๎€ต๎€ฌ, s.2

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